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Function values are so common in F# programming that it is convenient to define them without giving them names. Here is a simple example: > let primes = [2; 3; 5; 7];; val primes : int list > let primeCubes = List.map (fun n -> n * n * n) primes;; val primeCubes: int list > primeCubes;; val it : int list = [8; 27; 125; 343] The definition of primeCubes uses the anonymous function value (fun n -> n * n * n). These are similar to function definitions but are unnamed and appear as an expression rather than as a let declaration. fun is a keyword meaning function, n represents the argument to the function, and n * n * n is the result of the function. The overall type of the anonymous function expression is int -> int. You could use this technique to avoid defining the intermediary function fetch in the earlier sample: let resultsOfFetch = List.map (fun url -> (url, http url)) sites You will see anonymous functions throughout this book. Here is another example: > List.map (fun (_,p) -> String.length p) resultsOfFetch;; val it : int list = [3932; 2827 ] Here you see two things: The argument of the anonymous function is a tuple pattern. Using a tuple pattern automatically extracts the second element from each tuple and gives it the name p within the body of the anonymous function. Part of the tuple pattern is a wildcard pattern, indicated by an underscore. This indicates you don t care what the first part of the tuple is; you re interested only in extracting the length from the second part of the pair.

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( records delimited by newline ) location( 'benchmark_input.txt' ) );

You may have already heard about partial classes. This feature gives you the capability to split a single class file across more than one physical file. Version 1.x provided support for including more than one class in a single file, but there was no way to tell the compiler that a single class spans several files. Partial classes do just this.

LL parsers such as the recursive-descent parser in the previous example are based on a subset of the socalled context-free grammars (CFGs). These can be defined by giving their corresponding grammar as a set of production rules. For context-free languages each rule has a single nonterminal symbol (the head) on the left side, defining a substitution of the nonterminal and/or terminal symbols on the right side. A terminal symbol is simply part of the concrete string that is parsed. A convenient notation for describing context-free languages is the Backus-Naur Form (BNF). Here, nonterminals are inside brackets (<>), and terminal symbols are either named (such as ID) or quoted. The Extended BNF (EBNF) notation provides further convenient operators to express optionality (inside brackets) and repetition (using the +, , and * symbols with the same meaning as in regular expressions), thus providing a more succinct and readable description. The recursive-descent parser from this section parses each nonterminal in the following simple grammar expressed in EBNF: <polynomial> ::= <term> ['+' <polynomial>] <idxterm> ::= ID '^' NUM | ID <term> ::= NUM [ <idxterm> ] | <idxterm> Grammars give rise to corresponding derivations; for instance, consider how 2x^3+1 is derived: <polynomial> <term> '+' <polynomial> NUM <idxterm> '+' <polynomial> NUM ID '^' NUM '+' <polynomial> NUM ID '^' NUM '+' <term> NUM ID '^' NUM '+' NUM 2x^3 + 1

Table created. benchmark@ORA10G> select count(*) from et_table; COUNT(*) ---------10000 In our benchmark program, we do the following: 1. Take care to prepare the statements only once to avoid multiple soft parses of the statements. 2. Run the external table select with multiple fetch sizes. 3. To ensure that the JVM is in a steady state when the benchmark is run, we make sure we run each benchmark for five minutes (by finding out how many runs are required for running the benchmark for five minutes and then taking an average at the end). Following is the class BenchmarkReadUsingBfileAndExternalTables that I used to run the benchmark. It extends the class JBenchmark covered in 1. It begins with the import statements: /** This program compares read using a BFILE and external tables. * COMPATIBLITY NOTE: * runs successfully against 9.2.0.1.0 and 10.1.0.2.0 */ import java.sql.SQLException; import java.sql.Connection; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.io.InputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import java.sql.ResultSet; import oracle.jdbc.OracleResultSet; import oracle.sql.BFILE; import book.util.JDBCUtil; import book.util.JBenchmark; class BenchmarkReadUsingBfileAndExternalTables extends JBenchmark { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {